Therapeutics Effects of Drugs on Appetite and Food Intake- a Comprehensive Review

Abstract

A growing global desire for an effective treatment for hunger problems with maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effects has led to an increasing interest in appetite-related research. Energy balance and food intake are essential components of existence for all organisms, including humans. Considerable increases or decreases in weight may be reason for alarm since they can lead to a number of physical and psychological problems. For example, obesity is a global issue affecting millions of people's lives and is becoming worse. Anorexia is a dangerous and sometimes fatal illness that can also lead to malnutrition, organ damage, and other health problems. The pharmacology and appetite regulation during the last five years are covered in this review. Appetite regulation is a multifaceted process with several interrelated systems. This article reviews all the hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters—such as ghrelin, insulin, leptin, amylin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), agati-related peptide (AgRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), and glucagon-like peptide-1—that are involved in appetite regulation (GLP-1). The majority of the drugs covered in this review are those that either directly affect how much food is eaten and how much appetite is regulated, such as beta 3-agonists, GLP-1 agonists, and amylin analogs, or indirectly affect these processes, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, oxytocin receptor agonists, antiepileptic drugs, opioids, cannabinoids, corticosteroids, diabetes medications, and opioids.